Boric acid on period - Boric acid suppositories are typically seen as a last-ditch effort for people who are dealing with treatment-resistant ... “When the vagina becomes less acidic—like around your period or, ...

 
Wow I supposed boric acid really does delay your period. Someone needs to do a study to corroborate this and make it known as an actual side effect for women taking suppositories : (. Reply reply. lyndsaygj. •. Tried boric acid 3 times this month and my period is currently 3 days late.. Dcjs classes near me

Yes, boric acid helps treat the smelly discharge due to bacterial infections in the vaginal area. These infections can cause a strong fishy odor. Boric acid helps reduce infections in the vaginal area. Thereby, it reduces bad …The total market opportunity for Boric Acid Market was USD 890 Mn in 2023 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 5.8 percent through the forecast period, reaching USD 1320.66 Mn by 2030. As per the report, the global Boric Acid Market is expected to be dominated by the North America and Europe region to grow at a significant growth …Excessive Use: Using boric acid suppositories more frequently than recommended or using them for a prolonged period can cause irritation and bleeding. Pre-existing Conditions: Women who have pre-existing …Boric acid (BA) is an inorganic ... However, 37.2% of patients used maintenance BA for a year or more. A few patients used BA for an extended period of time, including 9 who used it for >=3 years. Side-effects were uncommonly reported. One patient complained of BA leaking out the day after use. One patient who was using 600mg reported ...What causes a burning sensation in the chest? Chances are it is acid reflux or heartburn. What causes a burning sensation in the chest? Chances are it is acid reflux or heartburn. ...Yes, boric acid helps treat the smelly discharge due to bacterial infections in the vaginal area. These infections can cause a strong fishy odor. Boric acid helps reduce infections in the vaginal area. Thereby, it reduces bad …A growing demand of boric acid has been forecasted with the rapid development of industries while the world is suffering the consequence from boron-containing wastewater. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with exceptional stability and remarkable surface area have been preliminarily identified as effective boron adsorbents, …@misc{etde_22543698, title = {High temperature boric acid solubility from plant condition during post-LOCA long-term cooling period} author = {Kim, Young Soo} abstractNote = {This study examines boric acid solubility in six different mixture solutions simulating plant conditions over a temperature range of 60∼140 .deg. C. For preparing ...Cambodia Boric Acid Price Trends. Cambodia Boric Acid Porter's Five Forces. Cambodia Boric Acid Industry Life Cycle. Historical Data and Forecast of Cambodia Boric Acid Market Revenues & Volume By Purity for the Period 2020 - 2030. Historical Data and Forecast of Cambodia Boric Acid Market Revenues & Volume By <99% for the Period …Boric Acid For yeast problems: I liked using a teaspoon of hydrogen peroxide and warm water in a douche bag (you can also dissolve a teaspoon of boric acid in warm water and do the same thing): both of these were much gentler and just as effective. But if you want to stick with the Boric Acid tablets your doctor can order the suppositories from:Boric acid treatment for bacterial vaginosis usually depends on the length of time your physician might prescribe you to use them. However, the common prescription is to use one suppository (600mg) once per day and for a period of between 7 to 14 days. You should not exceed 3 weeks of usage.The total market opportunity for Boric Acid Market was USD 890 Mn in 2023 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 5.8 percent through the forecast period, reaching USD 1320.66 Mn by 2030. As per the report, the global Boric Acid Market is expected to be dominated by the North America and Europe region to grow at a significant growth …Feb 5, 2023 · It is safe to use boric acid suppositories while on your period, but if you are not comfortable, you can wait until your period ends to use them again and use our Boric Acid Instant Odor Rinse to eliminate odor. If you typically use tampons during your period, you can use tampons or pads after inserting a boric acid suppository. Boric acid suppositories are safe to use during your period. However, you should only use them if you are comfortable using them and you are using them for the right reason. If you are not comfortable using them or you are using them for the wrong reason, then you could be putting yourself at risk for serious side effects. Back to top. The mechanism by which boric acid may be alleviating symptoms in women with rVVC and rBV is unclear, though BA has been reported to inhibit in vitro growth of yeast, gram positive and gram negative bacteria, and the formation of biofilms.(15, 16) It is also possible that BA improves symptoms by modulating metabolites produced by yeast or ... Boric acid is a naturally-occurring acidic compound that has a variety of uses, including as an antimicrobial and insecticide. It has also been used traditionally to delay or stop menstruation. While there is some scientific evidence to support its use for this purpose, there is also some concern about its safety, particularly when used in high …ChEBI. Boric acid, also known as hydrogen borate, is a weak monobasic Lewis acid of boron with the chemical formula H3BO3. Boric acid is typically utilized in industrial processing and manufacturing, but is also used as an additive in pharmaceutical products, cosmetics, lotions, soaps, mouthwash, toothpaste, astringents, and eyewashes.For most people, inserting boric acid suppositories into the vagina is safe. You should not use boric acid suppositories if treating BV while pregnant or trying to get pregnant. Boric acid is ...Nov 23, 2022 ... According to limited research, boric acid suppositories inserted into your vagina may help treat bacterial vaginosis, with few side effects.Can Boric Acid Throw Off Your Periods. There is no definitive answer to this question due to the lack of research conducted on boric acid and its potential effect on periods. Nevertheless, the likelihood that boric acid can throw off your menstrual cycles is slim. While this chemical may have benefits in some cases, including acting as an ...According to the UMHS, boric acid therapy for vaginal infections ought to include probiotics and vitamins C and E. These ingredients will help replenish natural vaginal flora and return vaginal pH to a normal acidity. Boric acid, or hydrogen borate, is a multipurpose acid found in many of the products we use on a daily basis.iling all recommended regimens seen in the clinic were prescribed combination oral nitroimidazole 500 mg twice a day for 7 days and simultaneous boric acid 600 mg daily per vagina therapy for 30 days; thereafter, they were prescribed twice-weekly vaginal metronidazole gel for 5 months in an attempt to prevent recurrence and followed by a 6-month observation period. Results reflect standard of ...Please Login or Subscribe to Access the Boric Acid Price Chart Data . The said period began with improved downstream demands, which started balancing out the supply situation a little and put the boric acid prices on a rising trajectory for the early months of the third quarter; however, as the fourth quarter progressed, the market outlook ...Period: period 2: Block ... Boric acid is used as an insecticide, notably against ants, fleas, and cockroaches. Semiconductors. Boron is a useful dopant for such semiconductors as silicon, germanium, and silicon carbide. Having one fewer valence electron than the host atom, it donates a hole resulting in p-type conductivity.Dec 5, 2023 · Boric acid suppositories are available over the counter. Be sure to read the label and follow the instructions. Don’t use the product more than recommended. Avoid using it if you have an open sore around the vagina. Be sure to discuss using boric acid suppositories with your healthcare provider before you start. For most people, inserting boric acid suppositories into the vagina is safe. You should not use boric acid suppositories if treating BV while pregnant or trying to get pregnant. Boric acid is ...AZO® Boric Acid Suppositories are your go-to for balancing yeast & embarrassing odor causing bacteria linked to common factors like menstruation, sex, menopause & even certain medication. Take when you notice an imbalance in pH or odor for a refreshed feeling. Pack Size. 30 ( $0.70/Count )Boric acid is toxic if taken by mouth (orally), and can cause death. It should be stored safely where children cannot reach it. It should be stored safely where children cannot reach it. While some patients use intravaginal boric acid a few times a week to reduce vaginal odor, this approach does not get rid of the infection.Read Also: Can I Get Pregnant Before My Period. Benefits Of Boric Acid Suppositories. Boric acid may help improve vaginal health and has been shown to have anti-microbial and anti-fungal activity. Research suggests that when used appropriately, boric acid suppositories can help reduce the risk of recurrent infections. At times, boric …Sep 29, 2010 ... Well I have a yeasty and a pretty nasty one I'd say too. Last night I put in two boric acid capsules and went to bed.Boric acid is low in toxicity if eaten or if it contacts skin. However, in the form of borax, it can be corrosive to the eye. Borax can also be irritating to the skin. People who have eaten boric acid have had nausea, vomiting, stomach aches, and diarrhea. Diarrhea and vomit may have a blue-green color.Boric acid, more specifically orthoboric acid, is a compound of boron, oxygen, and hydrogen with formula B(OH) 3.It may also be called hydrogen orthoborate, trihydroxidoboron or boracic acid. It is usually encountered as colorless crystals or a white powder, that dissolves in water, and occurs in nature as the mineral sassolite.It is a weak …Can I use boric acid suppositories while on my period? I was using it for idk if it’s a yeast infection or both but it’s been two days and you’re supposed to use them every night from 7-14 days. Boric acid after period. So for context, I have recently started struggling with BV. About 4 months ago, I started getting really active in the gym and sweating more. I noticed my smell down there started getting very bad odor. My doctor treated me with BV and said that’s what it is because my ph just got unbalanced. Description. The Killer is the original boric acid suppository. It balances pH and maintains healthy yeast levels so you feel fresh and smell your best while supporting healthy vaginal flora (the normal levels of bacteria and yeast found in the vagina). It's made with a single, fast-working ingredient (just boric acid) and is free of fragrance ...Sep 25, 2022 · Using boric acid vaginal suppository during your period will not affect how well this medication works. Make sure to use sanitary pads instead of tampons while using boric acid vaginal suppository. Inserting a tampon vaginally can absorb some of the boric acid, which prevents the medication from working as well. Damage during reperfusion is divided into early and late periods. While cellular damage is seen 26 after reperfusion in the early period neutrophil dominance is observed in the late period. ... The effect of boric acid and borax on oxidative stress, inflammation, ER stress and apoptosis in cisplatin toxication and nephrotoxicity …Ask about boric acid suppositories. Boric acid has been used to maintain vaginal health for centuries. It’s available over-the-counter (OTC) as a vaginal suppository. Conclusively, In Indian market, The latest settled prices of Boric Acid for the quarter ending December 2023 period remained at USD 1061/MT CFR JNPT (India) and analysts anticipated a positive price outlook for the upcoming quarter owing to the upward demand in downstream construction, textile, pharmaceuticals industry. To conclude, boric acid is a safe and effective remedy for recurrent vaginal infections. It works both against fungal and bacterial infections. However, one should not abuse boric acids due to the risk of systemic side effects. Boric acid is not likely to throw off your periods. However, its abuse may cause changes in the menstrual cycle due to ...Here, Node1 is defined between amino acids 382- 395 (contains R386 and R388), and Node2 entails amino acids 450–463 (includes R453, R455 and R459) …Boric acid is not poisonous in the usual sense, just like salt isn’t poisonous in the usual sense, but it can be toxic if used incorrectly and in high doses for a long period of time. There is a great deal of research into boric acid vaginally, and gynaecologists may prescribe it if other yeast infection treatments don’t work.It is safe to use boric acid suppositories while you are on your period, however, it is important that you know how to insert boric acid suppositoriesproperly. You can use them as directed the same way you use them between periods. Insert one boric acid suppositoryper day, preferably before bedtime, until odor … See moreBoric acid, one of the common boron compounds, is a natural chemical that has been used for over 100 years as a home remedy to help treat vaginal infections.. In its natural form, boric acid is a ...Treatment. Treatment for yeast infections depends on the severity and frequency of your infections. For mild to moderate symptoms and infrequent episodes, your doctor might recommend: Short-course vaginal therapy. Taking an antifungal medication for three to seven days will usually clear a yeast infection. Antifungal medications — which are ...Boric acid is currently popular. However, not all trendy items are reliable or efficient. So that you don’t have to, we’ve done a thorough investigation into the use of boric acid to treat vaginal infections. While on your period, it’s safe to take boric acid capsules, but you shouldn’t use a tampon for 24 to 48 hours after taking the ...In a mixing bowl, combine boric acid and powdered sugar in a 1:1 ratio. For example, use 1 tablespoon of boric acid and 1 tablespoon of powdered sugar. Thoroughly mix the two substances until they are well blended. The powdered sugar helps mask the bitterness of boric acid, making the bait attractive to ants.Boric acid suppositories are a treatment option for certain vaginal infections. Here is everything you need to know about uses, side effects and risks.The present study aimed to develop an effective staining method to recover antigen activation in unstained specimens stored for an extended period by using ethylene-diamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA) buffer solution with boric acid.To assess the in vitro susceptibility of T. vaginalis to boric acid, cultures of T. vaginalis strain G3 were established in TYM media containing increasing concentrations of boric acid (0–0.7%), with growth monitored over a 40-hour period. Boric acid concentrations greater than 0.1% had a significant impact on T. vaginalis growth and ...Health. Boric Acid Suppositories Can Help Prevent Recurrent Yeast Infections And Bacterial Vaginosis. And they're available over-the-counter. By Emilia …Boric acid suppositories can be used safely during menstruation, but be careful not to use tampons within 24-48 hours of using boric acid. It’s always a good idea to use menstrual pads instead of tampons. You should also refrain from having sexual intercourse until 24-48 hours after your boric acid treatment ends.Introduction. Boric acid (BA) occurs naturally in both sea and fresh waters at concentrations 1–5 ppm. It is also present in the earth crust, in various concentrations, from several dozens up to more, c.a. 300 mg of boron per kilogram of soil (Eckel and Langley 1988).Borates are the naturally occurring form of boron, and they are degraded no further …Discover how boric acid works as a safe, effective treatment for vaginal infections, its uses, benefits, and precautions. Click to learn more. ... people were taking high doses for long periods of time. Borax, boric acid and boron are useful or even essential in our environment and food supply. Boric acid can be used safely – there is a lot ... Excessive Use: Using boric acid suppositories more frequently than recommended or using them for a prolonged period can cause irritation and bleeding. Pre-existing Conditions: Women who have pre-existing conditions such as vaginal dryness or atrophy may be more prone to bleeding after using boric acid suppositories. The Global Boric Acid Market size is expected to be worth around USD 1.66 Billion by 2033, from USD 0.94 Billion in 2023, growing at a CAGR of 5.8% during the forecast period from 2023 to 2033. Boric acid (H 3 BO 3) is a boron compound which is a colorless, water-soluble, salt-like white powder. It is also known as boracic acid, hydrogen borate ... The mechanism by which boric acid may be alleviating symptoms in women with rVVC and rBV is unclear, though BA has been reported to inhibit in vitro growth of yeast, gram positive and gram negative bacteria, and the formation of biofilms.(15, 16) It is also possible that BA improves symptoms by modulating metabolites produced by yeast or ...Period: period 2: Block ... Boric acid is used as an insecticide, notably against ants, fleas, and cockroaches. Semiconductors. Boron is a useful dopant for such semiconductors as silicon, germanium, and silicon carbide. Having one fewer valence electron than the host atom, it donates a hole resulting in p-type conductivity.A 2011 statement from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) notes that ingesting about 30 grams of boric acid in a short period of time is toxic to humans and can eventually result ...It is safe to use boric acid suppositories while on your period, but if you are not comfortable, you can wait until your period is over to use them again. How To Insert …Folic Acid (FA-8) received an overall rating of 9 out of 10 stars from 30 reviews. See what others have said about Folic Acid (FA-8), including the effectiveness, ease of use and s... You can use it during your period but you can’t use a tampon with it. Reply. andrastefann. • 1 yr. ago. i’m sorry, why not? Reply. [deleted] • 1 yr. ago. It soaks up the boric acid. I took boric acid about a month ago and after a week I started bleeding for a week, lots of blood clots and flow was heavier than period usually is. When I used it last after 3 days I started bleeding and bled for another week. Just went to the doctors to get tested for BV again. Ask about boric acid suppositories. Boric acid has been used to maintain vaginal health for centuries. It’s available over-the-counter (OTC) as a vaginal suppository.boric acid. The increase in the rate of inflammation in the post-menopause period also leads to a significant increase in the use of anti-inflammatory agents. This study aimed to investigate the effect of BA supplementation on pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines in ovariectomy (OVX) induced rats. A total of 48 ….For most people, inserting boric acid suppositories into the vagina is safe. You should not use boric acid suppositories if treating BV while pregnant or trying to get pregnant. Boric acid is ...Aug 29, 2018 · For many decades, people have used boric acid suppositories as an alternative treatment for recurrent vaginal yeast infections. These are also available over the counter in most health stores and ... You will have been prescribed fusidic acid eye drops to treat an eye infection called conjunctivitis. You can learn more about the drug at Patient. Try our Symptom Checker Got any ...Boric acid, also known as hydrogen borate, is a weak monobasic Lewis acid of boron with the chemical formula H3BO3. Boric acid is typically utilized in industrial processing and manufacturing, but is also used as an additive in pharmaceutical products, cosmetics, lotions, soaps, mouthwash, toothpaste, astringents, and eyewashes.Warming balm with essential oils ease period tension and discomfort. Apply the balm to your lower back or abdomen. Massage onto skin, use 2-3 times daily for best results. Balm will absorb quickly and leave no sticky residue. Cora is the expert in all things period and body care. Learn more about tampons, menstrual cups, and period accessories.Yes, boric acid helps treat the smelly discharge due to bacterial infections in the vaginal area. These infections can cause a strong fishy odor. Boric acid helps reduce infections in the vaginal area. Thereby, it reduces bad …The Global Boric Acid Market is expected to grow by $242.34 mn during 2023-2027, accelerating at a CAGR of 5.78% during the forecast periodWhile boric acid suppositories are safe to use while menstruating, it's not recommended to use a boric acid suppository in conjunction with a tampon or …Boric acid is currently popular. However, not all trendy items are reliable or efficient. So that you don’t have to, we’ve done a thorough investigation into the use of boric acid to treat vaginal infections. While on your period, it’s safe to take boric acid capsules, but you shouldn’t use a tampon for 24 to 48 hours after taking the ...Boric acid is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, mucous membranes, and abraded skin. Boric acid is excreted unchanged in urine with ∼50% excreted in the first 12 h and the remainder excreted over a period of a few days. The half-life of boric acid given orally is estimated to be 21 h. The fatal dose of boric acid is estimated ...boric acid suppositories can be a great way to help manage the uncomfortable symptoms of your period. While it is important to always consult with your doctor before using boric acid suppositories, the research indicates that these suppositories can be a safe and natural way to reduce inflammation and pain associated …Boric acid, also known as hydrogen borate, is a weak monobasic Lewis acid of boron with the chemical formula H3BO3. Boric acid is typically utilized in industrial processing and manufacturing, but is also used as an additive in pharmaceutical products, cosmetics, lotions, soaps, mouthwash, toothpaste, astringents, and eyewashes.Read this article to find out how to clean an existing, older concrete slab before applying acid stain from home improvement expert Danny Lipford. Expert Advice On Improving Your H...Mar 27, 2024 · Key Takeaways. Boric acid suppositories may offer relief for recurring vaginal yeast infections when combined with a prescription antifungal. For some women with bacterial vaginosis, boric acid ... Try boric acid capsules (in the vagina) Boric acid is often recommended by doctors to help treat bacterial vaginosis. It’s generally safe to use as long as you insert it into your vagina — never take it orally. It’s also only shown to be effective in addition to, not instead of, antibiotics. You can purchase boric acid suppositories, or ...The Global Boric Acid Market is expected to grow by $242.34 mn during 2023-2027, accelerating at a CAGR of 5.78% during the forecast periodPlease Login or Subscribe to Access the Boric Acid Price Chart Data . The said period began with improved downstream demands, which started balancing out the supply situation a little and put the boric acid prices on a rising trajectory for the early months of the third quarter; however, as the fourth quarter progressed, the market outlook ...I didn't even get my usual pre-period spotting just straight to it. I’ve been on boric acid for 2 days and it’s caused my period to come 10 days early. omg this happened to me. i used two suppository’s sat and sun and it’s now wed and im still spotting.Folic Acid (FA-8) received an overall rating of 9 out of 10 stars from 30 reviews. See what others have said about Folic Acid (FA-8), including the effectiveness, ease of use and s...Boric acid is usually thought of as a preventative management for those who experience chronic and recurrent yeast infections or bacterial vaginosis (BV), says Dr. Dweck. It is not usually a...Read Also: Can I Get Pregnant Before My Period. Benefits Of Boric Acid Suppositories. Boric acid may help improve vaginal health and has been shown to have anti-microbial and anti-fungal activity. Research suggests that when used appropriately, boric acid suppositories can help reduce the risk of recurrent infections. At times, boric …1. Vaginal irritation: The use of boric acid during your period can cause discomfort, leading to irritation and burning in the vagina. 2. Allergic reactions: Some individuals may experience allergic reactions to boric acid, resulting in itching, redness, swelling, or a rash in the vaginal area. 3.It is possible boric acid affected you but there’s really no way to say. If you are not in pain, and this happened just once, I wouldn’t worry about it. You may have had an anovulatory cycle (a cycle where you don’t ovulate), which can happen from stress. Again, nothing to worry about if it happens just once. If this happens repeatedly I ...boric acid suppositories can be a great way to help manage the uncomfortable symptoms of your period. While it is important to always consult with your doctor before using boric acid suppositories, the research indicates that these suppositories can be a safe and natural way to reduce inflammation and pain associated with …

Help maintain a healthy vaginal pH range with our 7 Day Boric Acid & Herbs Suppositories clinically shown to reduce odor, hydrate and moisturize. DETAILS. Use at bedtime or during the day with a pantiliner as boric acid vaginal suppositories can leak. Store Honey Pot suppositories in a cool, dry place. Hypoallergenic. FOR VAGINAL USE ONLY.. Harbor freight aluminum ramps

boric acid on period

Menstrual Cups with Ring Stem for Easy Removal, Women's Vaginal Probiotics and Boric Acid Suppositories. A gentler approach to Feminine Health Peachlife ...published Feb 01, 2023. Can You Use Boric Acid on Your Period? It can be hard to navigate natural health trends. We've looked into boric acid for you—examined expert …Intimate Rose Boric Acid Suppositories - Manages Odor - Promote pH Balance for Women Vaginal-Health - 30-Count Medical Grade Boric Acid (600mg) + 7 Applicators 4.5 out of 5 stars 10,818 2 offers from $9.99 allergic reactions like skin rash, itching or hives. vaginal irritation, redness, or burning. Side effects that usually do not require medical attention (report to your doctor or health care professional if they continue or are bothersome): vaginal discharge. This list may not describe all possible side effects. Many women use boric acid treatments to support the ongoing symptoms of BV. Featuring boric acid, tea tree oil, and cocoa butter, these supplements balance pH while boosting hydration and moisture. Apply these suppositories as you would a tampon by gently inserting them into the vagina 2x per day for up to 7 days. They’re recommended …Here, Node1 is defined between amino acids 382- 395 (contains R386 and R388), and Node2 entails amino acids 450–463 (includes R453, R455 and R459) …BoriCap Boric Acid Suppositories - 60 Count, 600mg - Restores pH and Normal Vaginal Health - Feminine Hygiene Products for Vaginal Odor & Discomfort - Suppository Made Without Dyes or Fillers . Visit the BoriCap Store. 4.6 4.6 out of 5 stars 16,864 ratings | 88 answered questions .Nexletol (Bempedoic Acid) received an overall rating of 10 out of 10 stars from 2 reviews. See what others have said about Nexletol (Bempedoic Acid), including the effectiveness, e...Acid is produced naturally in your stomach to help you digest food and to kill bacteria. This acid is irritant so your body produces a natural mucous barrier ... Try our Symptom Ch...Boric acid during menstruation During your period, you can use boric acid safely to ease symptoms of yeast infections. While it’s safe to use boric acid capsules during menstruation, you should avoid tampons for one to two days after treatment and choose sanitary pads instead.I used boric acid capsules for awhile when I had BV. I made my own with empty gelatin capsules and a bottle of boric acid from a natural health store. Very economical. ... (for about a year) right before your period do boric acid suppositories for like 4-5 days before every night. Then after your period it might be completely gone. That's what ...Boric acid (yes, the same stuff we use to kill cockroaches) can help to maintain a healthy vaginal pH for those struggling with chronic or recurrent yeast or bacterial infections, says Dr. Dweck ...Semantic Scholar extracted view of "Experimental and analytical studies of boric acid concentrations in a VVER-440 reactor during the long-term cooling period of loss-of-coolant accidents" by J. Tuunanen et al. Boric acid is low in toxicity if eaten or if it contacts skin. However, in the form of borax, it can be corrosive to the eye. Borax can also be irritating to the skin. People who have eaten boric acid have had nausea, vomiting, stomach aches, and diarrhea. Diarrhea and vomit may have a blue-green color. Boric Acid Prices: In the first quarter of 2024, the North American Boric Acid market witnessed a varying pricing landscape influenced by various factors. ... Consequently, demand for Boric Acid witnessed a decrease during this period, marking a shift from the earlier upward trend. This fluctuation in pricing and demand underscores the dynamic ....

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